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1da177e4
LT
1/*
2 * linux/init/main.c
3 *
4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
5 *
6 * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS
7 * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96
8 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96
9 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif@acm.org>
10 */
11
12#define __KERNEL_SYSCALLS__
13
1da177e4
LT
14#include <linux/types.h>
15#include <linux/module.h>
16#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
1da177e4
LT
17#include <linux/kernel.h>
18#include <linux/syscalls.h>
19#include <linux/string.h>
20#include <linux/ctype.h>
21#include <linux/delay.h>
22#include <linux/utsname.h>
23#include <linux/ioport.h>
24#include <linux/init.h>
25#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
26#include <linux/initrd.h>
27#include <linux/hdreg.h>
28#include <linux/bootmem.h>
29#include <linux/tty.h>
30#include <linux/gfp.h>
31#include <linux/percpu.h>
32#include <linux/kmod.h>
33#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
34#include <linux/security.h>
35#include <linux/workqueue.h>
36#include <linux/profile.h>
37#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
38#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
39#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
40#include <linux/writeback.h>
41#include <linux/cpu.h>
42#include <linux/cpuset.h>
43#include <linux/efi.h>
c757249a 44#include <linux/taskstats_kern.h>
ca74e92b 45#include <linux/delayacct.h>
1da177e4
LT
46#include <linux/unistd.h>
47#include <linux/rmap.h>
48#include <linux/mempolicy.h>
49#include <linux/key.h>
4552d5dc 50#include <linux/unwind.h>
b6cd0b77 51#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
9a11b49a 52#include <linux/debug_locks.h>
fbb9ce95 53#include <linux/lockdep.h>
1da177e4
LT
54
55#include <asm/io.h>
56#include <asm/bugs.h>
57#include <asm/setup.h>
a940199f 58#include <asm/sections.h>
37b73c82 59#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
1da177e4 60
1da177e4
LT
61#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
62#include <asm/smp.h>
63#endif
64
65/*
69c99ac1
CQH
66 * This is one of the first .c files built. Error out early if we have compiler
67 * trouble.
68 *
69 * Versions of gcc older than that listed below may actually compile and link
70 * okay, but the end product can have subtle run time bugs. To avoid associated
71 * bogus bug reports, we flatly refuse to compile with a gcc that is known to be
72 * too old from the very beginning.
1da177e4 73 */
fd285bb5 74#if (__GNUC__ < 3) || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 2)
1da177e4
LT
75#error Sorry, your GCC is too old. It builds incorrect kernels.
76#endif
77
78static int init(void *);
79
80extern void init_IRQ(void);
1da177e4
LT
81extern void fork_init(unsigned long);
82extern void mca_init(void);
83extern void sbus_init(void);
84extern void sysctl_init(void);
85extern void signals_init(void);
1da177e4
LT
86extern void pidhash_init(void);
87extern void pidmap_init(void);
88extern void prio_tree_init(void);
89extern void radix_tree_init(void);
90extern void free_initmem(void);
91extern void populate_rootfs(void);
92extern void driver_init(void);
93extern void prepare_namespace(void);
94#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
95extern void acpi_early_init(void);
96#else
97static inline void acpi_early_init(void) { }
98#endif
37b73c82
AV
99#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA
100static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { }
101#endif
1da177e4
LT
102
103#ifdef CONFIG_TC
104extern void tc_init(void);
105#endif
106
107enum system_states system_state;
108EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state);
109
110/*
111 * Boot command-line arguments
112 */
113#define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
114#define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT
115
116extern void time_init(void);
117/* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */
118void (*late_time_init)(void);
119extern void softirq_init(void);
120
121/* Untouched command line (eg. for /proc) saved by arch-specific code. */
122char saved_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
123
124static char *execute_command;
ffdfc409 125static char *ramdisk_execute_command;
1da177e4
LT
126
127/* Setup configured maximum number of CPUs to activate */
128static unsigned int max_cpus = NR_CPUS;
129
130/*
131 * Setup routine for controlling SMP activation
132 *
133 * Command-line option of "nosmp" or "maxcpus=0" will disable SMP
134 * activation entirely (the MPS table probe still happens, though).
135 *
136 * Command-line option of "maxcpus=<NUM>", where <NUM> is an integer
137 * greater than 0, limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in
138 * SMP mode to <NUM>.
139 */
140static int __init nosmp(char *str)
141{
142 max_cpus = 0;
143 return 1;
144}
145
146__setup("nosmp", nosmp);
147
148static int __init maxcpus(char *str)
149{
150 get_option(&str, &max_cpus);
151 return 1;
152}
153
154__setup("maxcpus=", maxcpus);
155
156static char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, };
157char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, };
158static const char *panic_later, *panic_param;
159
160extern struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[];
161
162static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line)
163{
164 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
165
166 p = __setup_start;
167 do {
168 int n = strlen(p->str);
169 if (!strncmp(line, p->str, n)) {
170 if (p->early) {
171 /* Already done in parse_early_param? (Needs
172 * exact match on param part) */
173 if (line[n] == '\0' || line[n] == '=')
174 return 1;
175 } else if (!p->setup_func) {
176 printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete,"
177 " ignored\n", p->str);
178 return 1;
179 } else if (p->setup_func(line + n))
180 return 1;
181 }
182 p++;
183 } while (p < __setup_end);
184 return 0;
185}
186
187/*
188 * This should be approx 2 Bo*oMips to start (note initial shift), and will
189 * still work even if initially too large, it will just take slightly longer
190 */
191unsigned long loops_per_jiffy = (1<<12);
192
193EXPORT_SYMBOL(loops_per_jiffy);
194
195static int __init debug_kernel(char *str)
196{
197 if (*str)
198 return 0;
199 console_loglevel = 10;
200 return 1;
201}
202
203static int __init quiet_kernel(char *str)
204{
205 if (*str)
206 return 0;
207 console_loglevel = 4;
208 return 1;
209}
210
211__setup("debug", debug_kernel);
212__setup("quiet", quiet_kernel);
213
214static int __init loglevel(char *str)
215{
216 get_option(&str, &console_loglevel);
217 return 1;
218}
219
220__setup("loglevel=", loglevel);
221
222/*
223 * Unknown boot options get handed to init, unless they look like
224 * failed parameters
225 */
226static int __init unknown_bootoption(char *param, char *val)
227{
228 /* Change NUL term back to "=", to make "param" the whole string. */
229 if (val) {
230 /* param=val or param="val"? */
231 if (val == param+strlen(param)+1)
232 val[-1] = '=';
233 else if (val == param+strlen(param)+2) {
234 val[-2] = '=';
235 memmove(val-1, val, strlen(val)+1);
236 val--;
237 } else
238 BUG();
239 }
240
241 /* Handle obsolete-style parameters */
242 if (obsolete_checksetup(param))
243 return 0;
244
245 /*
246 * Preemptive maintenance for "why didn't my mispelled command
247 * line work?"
248 */
249 if (strchr(param, '.') && (!val || strchr(param, '.') < val)) {
250 printk(KERN_ERR "Unknown boot option `%s': ignoring\n", param);
251 return 0;
252 }
253
254 if (panic_later)
255 return 0;
256
257 if (val) {
258 /* Environment option */
259 unsigned int i;
260 for (i = 0; envp_init[i]; i++) {
261 if (i == MAX_INIT_ENVS) {
262 panic_later = "Too many boot env vars at `%s'";
263 panic_param = param;
264 }
265 if (!strncmp(param, envp_init[i], val - param))
266 break;
267 }
268 envp_init[i] = param;
269 } else {
270 /* Command line option */
271 unsigned int i;
272 for (i = 0; argv_init[i]; i++) {
273 if (i == MAX_INIT_ARGS) {
274 panic_later = "Too many boot init vars at `%s'";
275 panic_param = param;
276 }
277 }
278 argv_init[i] = param;
279 }
280 return 0;
281}
282
283static int __init init_setup(char *str)
284{
285 unsigned int i;
286
287 execute_command = str;
288 /*
289 * In case LILO is going to boot us with default command line,
290 * it prepends "auto" before the whole cmdline which makes
291 * the shell think it should execute a script with such name.
292 * So we ignore all arguments entered _before_ init=... [MJ]
293 */
294 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
295 argv_init[i] = NULL;
296 return 1;
297}
298__setup("init=", init_setup);
299
ffdfc409
OJ
300static int __init rdinit_setup(char *str)
301{
302 unsigned int i;
303
304 ramdisk_execute_command = str;
305 /* See "auto" comment in init_setup */
306 for (i = 1; i < MAX_INIT_ARGS; i++)
307 argv_init[i] = NULL;
308 return 1;
309}
310__setup("rdinit=", rdinit_setup);
311
1da177e4
LT
312#ifndef CONFIG_SMP
313
314#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
315static void __init smp_init(void)
316{
317 APIC_init_uniprocessor();
318}
319#else
320#define smp_init() do { } while (0)
321#endif
322
323static inline void setup_per_cpu_areas(void) { }
324static inline void smp_prepare_cpus(unsigned int maxcpus) { }
325
326#else
327
328#ifdef __GENERIC_PER_CPU
b73b459f 329unsigned long __per_cpu_offset[NR_CPUS] __read_mostly;
1da177e4
LT
330
331EXPORT_SYMBOL(__per_cpu_offset);
332
333static void __init setup_per_cpu_areas(void)
334{
335 unsigned long size, i;
336 char *ptr;
63872f87 337 unsigned long nr_possible_cpus = num_possible_cpus();
1da177e4
LT
338
339 /* Copy section for each CPU (we discard the original) */
340 size = ALIGN(__per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start, SMP_CACHE_BYTES);
341#ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
342 if (size < PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM)
343 size = PERCPU_ENOUGH_ROOM;
344#endif
63872f87 345 ptr = alloc_bootmem(size * nr_possible_cpus);
1da177e4 346
0a945022 347 for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
1da177e4
LT
348 __per_cpu_offset[i] = ptr - __per_cpu_start;
349 memcpy(ptr, __per_cpu_start, __per_cpu_end - __per_cpu_start);
63872f87 350 ptr += size;
1da177e4
LT
351 }
352}
353#endif /* !__GENERIC_PER_CPU */
354
355/* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
356static void __init smp_init(void)
357{
358 unsigned int i;
359
360 /* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
361 for_each_present_cpu(i) {
362 if (num_online_cpus() >= max_cpus)
363 break;
364 if (!cpu_online(i))
365 cpu_up(i);
366 }
367
368 /* Any cleanup work */
369 printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
370 smp_cpus_done(max_cpus);
371#if 0
372 /* Get other processors into their bootup holding patterns. */
373
374 smp_commence();
375#endif
376}
377
378#endif
379
380/*
381 * We need to finalize in a non-__init function or else race conditions
382 * between the root thread and the init thread may cause start_kernel to
383 * be reaped by free_initmem before the root thread has proceeded to
384 * cpu_idle.
385 *
386 * gcc-3.4 accidentally inlines this function, so use noinline.
387 */
388
389static void noinline rest_init(void)
390 __releases(kernel_lock)
391{
392 kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
393 numa_default_policy();
394 unlock_kernel();
f340c0d1
IM
395
396 /*
397 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
398 * at least one to get things moving:
399 */
5bfb5d69 400 preempt_enable_no_resched();
f340c0d1 401 schedule();
5bfb5d69 402 preempt_disable();
f340c0d1 403
5bfb5d69 404 /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
1da177e4
LT
405 cpu_idle();
406}
407
408/* Check for early params. */
409static int __init do_early_param(char *param, char *val)
410{
411 struct obs_kernel_param *p;
412
413 for (p = __setup_start; p < __setup_end; p++) {
414 if (p->early && strcmp(param, p->str) == 0) {
415 if (p->setup_func(val) != 0)
416 printk(KERN_WARNING
417 "Malformed early option '%s'\n", param);
418 }
419 }
420 /* We accept everything at this stage. */
421 return 0;
422}
423
424/* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */
425void __init parse_early_param(void)
426{
427 static __initdata int done = 0;
428 static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE];
429
430 if (done)
431 return;
432
433 /* All fall through to do_early_param. */
434 strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, saved_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
435 parse_args("early options", tmp_cmdline, NULL, 0, do_early_param);
436 done = 1;
437}
438
439/*
440 * Activate the first processor.
441 */
442
44fd2299
SS
443static void __init boot_cpu_init(void)
444{
445 int cpu = smp_processor_id();
446 /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */
447 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_online_map);
448 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_present_map);
449 cpu_set(cpu, cpu_possible_map);
450}
451
033ab7f8
AM
452void __init __attribute__((weak)) smp_setup_processor_id(void)
453{
454}
455
1da177e4
LT
456asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
457{
458 char * command_line;
459 extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
033ab7f8
AM
460
461 smp_setup_processor_id();
462
fbb9ce95
IM
463 /*
464 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
465 * lockdep hash:
466 */
467 lockdep_init();
468
469 local_irq_disable();
470 early_boot_irqs_off();
243c7621 471 early_init_irq_lock_class();
fbb9ce95 472
1da177e4
LT
473/*
474 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
475 * enable them
476 */
477 lock_kernel();
44fd2299 478 boot_cpu_init();
1da177e4
LT
479 page_address_init();
480 printk(KERN_NOTICE);
481 printk(linux_banner);
482 setup_arch(&command_line);
483 setup_per_cpu_areas();
44fd2299 484 smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
1da177e4
LT
485
486 /*
487 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
488 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
489 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
490 */
491 sched_init();
492 /*
493 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
494 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
495 */
496 preempt_disable();
497 build_all_zonelists();
498 page_alloc_init();
499 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
500 parse_early_param();
501 parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
502 __stop___param - __start___param,
503 &unknown_bootoption);
504 sort_main_extable();
4552d5dc 505 unwind_init();
1da177e4
LT
506 trap_init();
507 rcu_init();
508 init_IRQ();
509 pidhash_init();
510 init_timers();
c0a31329 511 hrtimers_init();
1da177e4 512 softirq_init();
ad596171 513 timekeeping_init();
88fecaa2 514 time_init();
93e02814
HC
515 profile_init();
516 if (!irqs_disabled())
517 printk("start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were enabled early\n");
fbb9ce95 518 early_boot_irqs_on();
93e02814 519 local_irq_enable();
1da177e4
LT
520
521 /*
522 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
523 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
524 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
525 */
526 console_init();
527 if (panic_later)
528 panic(panic_later, panic_param);
fbb9ce95
IM
529
530 lockdep_info();
531
9a11b49a
IM
532 /*
533 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
534 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
535 * too:
536 */
537 locking_selftest();
538
1da177e4
LT
539#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
540 if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
541 initrd_start < min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT) {
542 printk(KERN_CRIT "initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - "
543 "disabling it.\n",initrd_start,min_low_pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
544 initrd_start = 0;
545 }
546#endif
547 vfs_caches_init_early();
c417f024 548 cpuset_init_early();
1da177e4
LT
549 mem_init();
550 kmem_cache_init();
e7c8d5c9 551 setup_per_cpu_pageset();
1da177e4
LT
552 numa_policy_init();
553 if (late_time_init)
554 late_time_init();
555 calibrate_delay();
556 pidmap_init();
557 pgtable_cache_init();
558 prio_tree_init();
559 anon_vma_init();
560#ifdef CONFIG_X86
561 if (efi_enabled)
562 efi_enter_virtual_mode();
563#endif
564 fork_init(num_physpages);
565 proc_caches_init();
566 buffer_init();
567 unnamed_dev_init();
568 key_init();
569 security_init();
570 vfs_caches_init(num_physpages);
571 radix_tree_init();
572 signals_init();
573 /* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
574 page_writeback_init();
575#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
576 proc_root_init();
577#endif
578 cpuset_init();
c757249a 579 taskstats_init_early();
ca74e92b 580 delayacct_init();
1da177e4
LT
581
582 check_bugs();
583
584 acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
585
586 /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
587 rest_init();
588}
589
590static int __initdata initcall_debug;
591
592static int __init initcall_debug_setup(char *str)
593{
594 initcall_debug = 1;
595 return 1;
596}
597__setup("initcall_debug", initcall_debug_setup);
598
599struct task_struct *child_reaper = &init_task;
600
601extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];
602
603static void __init do_initcalls(void)
604{
605 initcall_t *call;
606 int count = preempt_count();
607
608 for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
c1cda48a
AM
609 char *msg = NULL;
610 char msgbuf[40];
611 int result;
1da177e4
LT
612
613 if (initcall_debug) {
c1cda48a
AM
614 printk("Calling initcall 0x%p", *call);
615 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
616 (unsigned long) *call);
1da177e4
LT
617 printk("\n");
618 }
619
c1cda48a 620 result = (*call)();
1da177e4 621
f3a19cb4 622 if (result && result != -ENODEV && initcall_debug) {
c1cda48a
AM
623 sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d", result);
624 msg = msgbuf;
625 }
1da177e4
LT
626 if (preempt_count() != count) {
627 msg = "preemption imbalance";
628 preempt_count() = count;
629 }
630 if (irqs_disabled()) {
631 msg = "disabled interrupts";
632 local_irq_enable();
633 }
634 if (msg) {
c1cda48a
AM
635 printk(KERN_WARNING "initcall at 0x%p", *call);
636 print_fn_descriptor_symbol(": %s()",
637 (unsigned long) *call);
638 printk(": returned with %s\n", msg);
1da177e4
LT
639 }
640 }
641
642 /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
643 flush_scheduled_work();
644}
645
646/*
647 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
648 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
649 * running, and memory and process management works.
650 *
651 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
652 */
653static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
654{
655 /* drivers will send hotplug events */
656 init_workqueues();
657 usermodehelper_init();
658 driver_init();
659
660#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
661 sysctl_init();
662#endif
663
1da177e4
LT
664 do_initcalls();
665}
666
667static void do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
668{
669 extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
670#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
671 extern int migration_init(void);
672
673 migration_init();
674#endif
675 spawn_ksoftirqd();
8446f1d3 676 spawn_softlockup_task();
1da177e4
LT
677}
678
679static void run_init_process(char *init_filename)
680{
681 argv_init[0] = init_filename;
682 execve(init_filename, argv_init, envp_init);
683}
684
1da177e4
LT
685static int init(void * unused)
686{
687 lock_kernel();
688 /*
689 * init can run on any cpu.
690 */
691 set_cpus_allowed(current, CPU_MASK_ALL);
692 /*
693 * Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
694 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
695 *
696 * We don't want people to have to make incorrect
697 * assumptions about where in the task array this
698 * can be found.
699 */
700 child_reaper = current;
701
1da177e4
LT
702 smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);
703
704 do_pre_smp_initcalls();
705
1da177e4
LT
706 smp_init();
707 sched_init_smp();
708
709 cpuset_init_smp();
710
711 /*
712 * Do this before initcalls, because some drivers want to access
713 * firmware files.
714 */
715 populate_rootfs();
716
717 do_basic_setup();
718
719 /*
720 * check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
721 * the work
722 */
ffdfc409
OJ
723
724 if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
725 ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
726
727 if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
728 ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
1da177e4 729 prepare_namespace();
ffdfc409 730 }
1da177e4
LT
731
732 /*
733 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
734 * we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
735 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
736 */
737 free_initmem();
738 unlock_kernel();
37b73c82 739 mark_rodata_ro();
1da177e4
LT
740 system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
741 numa_default_policy();
742
743 if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
744 printk(KERN_WARNING "Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
745
746 (void) sys_dup(0);
747 (void) sys_dup(0);
ffdfc409
OJ
748
749 if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
750 run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command);
751 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s\n",
752 ramdisk_execute_command);
753 }
754
1da177e4
LT
755 /*
756 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
757 *
758 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
759 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
760 */
c1d7ef70 761 if (execute_command) {
1da177e4 762 run_init_process(execute_command);
c1d7ef70
BA
763 printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting "
764 "defaults...\n", execute_command);
765 }
1da177e4
LT
766 run_init_process("/sbin/init");
767 run_init_process("/etc/init");
768 run_init_process("/bin/init");
769 run_init_process("/bin/sh");
770
771 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.");
772}